Key methods to prevent SQL injection include: 1. Use parameterized queries such as PreparedStatement in Java, cursor.execute() in Python, and SqlCommand in .NET; 2. Strictly verify and filter inputs, using whitelisting, type checking and framework verification tools; 3. Follow the principle of least permissions, assign dedicated accounts to database applications and restrict permissions. These measures ensure the security of the database from three aspects: code, input, and permissions, and effectively prevent attack risks.
The key to developing secure SQL applications is to prevent common database attacks, especially SQL injection. Once such problems occur, the least data is leaked, and the worst is that the entire system is controlled. Therefore, from design to coding, security must be considered in every link.
Use parameterized query (precompiled statement)
This is one of the most effective ways to prevent SQL injection. Many developers are accustomed to splicing SQL statements, such as:
query = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = '" username "'";
Once this writing method encounters malicious input, such as ' OR '1'='1 , it may bypass the logical limit and lead to unexpected results.
The correct way to do this is to use parameterized queries:
- Using
PreparedStatementin Java - Use
cursor.execute()method with parameters in Python - Using
SqlCommandand parameter collections in .NET
In this way, the database will treat user input as data rather than executable code, fundamentally eliminating the risk of injection.
Verify and filter user input
Not all inputs will enter SQL queries, and any entry should be strictly verified. For example, the email field should comply with the email format, the mobile phone number must be a number and a fixed length, etc.
Suggested practices include:
- Whitelist filtering of strings, allowing only specific characters
- Type conversion and range checking of numerical class input
- Use the input verification tools provided by the framework, such as Laravel's Validator, Spring's @Valid, etc.
It should be noted that relying solely on blacklisting methods (such as filtering out 'drop' or 'or' ) is not reliable, because attackers can bypass it through case changes, comments, etc.
Minimum permission principle and database account management
Many applications use accounts with full permissions when connecting to databases, such as root or dbo. This is very dangerous, and once exploited by the attacker, the consequences will be unimaginable.
A dedicated account should be assigned to the application and the principle of minimum permissions should be followed:
- Grant only necessary table access permissions
- Do not grant DROP, DELETE, or GRANT permissions to your application account
- If there is a read-write separation architecture, two accounts can be set up for reading and writing separately.
For example, in MySQL, you can create a user that has SELECT permissions only for a database:
CREATE USER 'app_user'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'StrongPassword!'; GRANT SELECT ON mydb.* TO 'app_user'@'%'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
This will keep the losses to a minimum even if there is a vulnerability.
Basically that's it. Developing a secure SQL application is not only about writing query statements, but also a comprehensive project involving input processing, permission management and development specifications. Pay more attention to details, many problems can actually be avoided in advance.
The above is the detailed content of Developing Secure SQL Applications. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!
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