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Table of Contents
How Class Loading Works
Why It Matters in Real Applications
Common Issues and Tips
Home Java javaTutorial What is class loading in Java?

What is class loading in Java?

Jun 30, 2025 am 12:31 AM
java class loading

Java's class loading is a mechanism for JVM to load classes dynamically at runtime. Its core works by three class loaders at hierarchy and delegate model. 1. The Bootstrap Class Loader is responsible for loading the core class library; 2. The Extension Class Loader is used to load the extension library; 3. The Application Class Loader loads the classes in the application classpath. Class loading adopts on-demand loading strategies, which helps reduce memory overhead and improve startup efficiency. It is particularly critical in large applications (such as Spring, OSGi), web servers and plug-in systems, and can realize dynamic loading and isolation of classes. If the configuration is improper, it may cause problems such as ClassNotFoundException or NoClassDefFoundError. Therefore, you should pay attention to avoid class loader leakage, dependency conflicts and reasonable use of custom class loaders.

What is class loading in Java?

Class loading in Java is the process by which Java classes are brought into the JVM (Java Virtual Machine) at runtime. It's not something you usually think about when writing code, but it plays a cruel behind-the-scenes role in how your Java applications run.

How Class Loading Works

When you run a Java program, not all classes are loaded at once. Instead, the JVM loads them on demand — typically when a class is referenced for the first time during execution. This helps reduce memory usage and speeds up startup time.

The actual loading is done by class loaders , which are part of the JVM. There are three main built-in class loaders:

  • Bootstrap Class Loader: Loads core Java classes (like those in java.lang , java.util , etc.)
  • Extension Class Loader: Loads classes from the extension libraries
  • Application Class Loader: Loads classes from the application's classpath

Each of these works in a hierarchy, and they follow a delegation model — meaning they ask their parent to load a class before trying to do it themselves.

Why It Matters in Real Applications

Understanding class loading becomes important when dealing with larger applications or frameworks like Spring or OSGi, where dynamic loading and isolation of classes are common.

For example:

  • Web servers often use custom class loaders to load different web apps separately.
  • Plugins in large systems might be loaded dynamically without restarting the whole app.
  • If two versions of the same class exist, class loader hierarchies can help avoid conflicts.

Getting this wrong can lead to errors like ClassNotFoundException or NoClassDefFoundError , which aren't always easy to debug if you're not familiar with how class loading works.

Common Issues and Tips

Here are a few things to watch out for:

  • ClassLoader leaks – especially in web apps, holding references to class loaders can prevent garbage collection and cause memory issues.
  • Order matters – because of the delegation model, sometimes the wrong version of a class gets loaded if multiple copies exist.
  • Custom class loaders – useful in some cases, but they should be used carefully and only when necessary.

A good practice is to keep your dependencies clean and avoid overlapping libraries that might introduce class conflicts.

Basically that's it.

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